Swine influenza（豬流感）

WHO is coordinating the global response to human cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) and monitoring the corresponding threat of an influenza pandemic. Information on this page tracks the evolving situation and provides access to both technical guidelines and information useful for the general public.

Latest information
Swine flu illness in the United States and Mexico - update 2
26 April 2009

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資料出處：WHO

另外看看台灣的CDC 發佈的訊息...2009.04.26 傳說中的熱帶氣旋還沒有形成颱風的時候，台灣防疫是0級喔！

墨西哥與美國西南地區爆發豬流感疫情，疾管局嚴密關注，並呼籲前往兩國民眾提高警覺並做好自身防護

• 資料來源:戰情中心
• 日期:2009-04-25

疾病管制局根據WHO、美國CDC、駐墨西哥台北經濟文化辦事處及派駐美國CDC防疫醫師等資料來源證實，墨西哥與美國西南地區爆發人感染豬流感疫情，迄今已至少造成62人死亡。

墨 西哥自本年3月18起，即出現流感季外，類流感人數仍持續大幅攀昇的情形，截至4月23日，三個城市已爆發豬流感群聚：首都墨西哥市，通報近千名流感併發 肺炎患者，其中59人死亡；墨西哥中部San Luis Potosi，亦有3人死。這些病例大多為平時健康的年輕人，與季節流感好發於老人與小孩的情形不同。此外，在墨西哥國家呼吸道疾病研究院（INER）， 亦有多名醫護人員在醫院執行病人插管工作時，遭受感染，並傳染給家人，造成1名女童死亡。墨西哥送往加拿大國家微生物實驗室的檢體中，18件檢體已確認為 A/H1N1豬流感，其中12件與美國的病毒株的基因序列完全相同，另外，墨西哥送往美國的檢體中，亦有7件已確認為豬流感。

美國 截至4月24日 已有8名豬流感確定病例，加州6名，德州2名，這些病例均未與豬隻接觸，並有家庭父女（加州）及同校同學（德州）的聚集事件，最早個案的發病日為3月28 日，尚未出現死亡病例。目前美國檢出之A/H1N1豬流感病毒是由北美豬流感、北美禽流感、人類流感及歐亞豬流感病毒的四個基因片斷組成，並且對 amantadine及rimantadine等抗病毒藥出現抗藥性，但對tamiflu及relenza則不具抗藥性。

本局目前剛好派有6名防疫醫師在美國亞特蘭大市參加會議，將就近了解狀況，必要時將變更行程前往墨西哥實地了解疫情。另外，本局郭局長業已透過外交部與駐墨西哥陳新東代表進行電話會議，以隨時掌握最新訊息。

疾 病管制局呼籲近期欲前往墨西哥及美國西南地區之民眾，應即時注意疾管局發佈之疫情訊息，作好相關手部衛生及呼吸道衛生，且不要接近疑似病人，回國後若出現 類流感症狀（發燒、咳嗽、喉嚨痛、全身酸痛及噁心、腹瀉等），請迅速就醫並告知出國旅遊史。相關國際疫情或防治措施，民眾可參閱疾病管制局全球資訊網，網 址http://www.cdc.gov.tw，點選國際旅遊資訊，或撥打免付費民眾疫情通報及諮詢專線1922洽詢。

資料來源：流感防治網

ps：目前疾管局的網站似乎有點 秀逗...慢的離譜...一直出現以下文字...不要疫情還沒來，疾管局就先中毒...

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Reasonxx: 系統錯誤: -2147012867。 

CDC對於豬流感的 Q&A

Questions & Answers

Key Facts about Swine Influenza (Swine Flu)

Swine Flu

What is Swine Influenza?
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate among swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated from a pig in 1930.

How many swine flu viruses are there?
Like all influenza viruses, swine flu viruses change constantly. Pigs can be infected by avian influenza and human influenza viruses as well as swine influenza viruses. When influenza viruses from different species infect pigs, the viruses can reassort (i.e. swap genes) and new viruses that are a mix of swine, human and/or avian influenza viruses can emerge. Over the years, different variations of swine flu viruses have emerged. At this time, there are four main influenza type A virus subtypes that have been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. However, most of the recently isolated influenza viruses from pigs have been H1N1 viruses.

Swine Flu in Humans

Can humans catch swine flu?

Swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans. However, sporadic human infections with swine flu have occurred. Most commonly, these cases occur in persons with direct exposure to pigs (e.g. children near pigs at a fair or workers in the swine industry). In addition, there have been documented cases of one person spreading swine flu to others. For example, an outbreak of apparent swine flu infection in pigs in Wisconsin in 1988 resulted in multiple human infections, and, although no community outbreak resulted, there was antibody evidence of virus transmission from the patient to health care workers who had close contact with the patient.

How common is swine flu infection in humans?

What are the symptoms of swine flu in humans?
The symptoms of swine flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal influenza and include fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing. Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

Can people catch swine flu from eating pork?

No. Swine influenza viruses are not transmitted by food. You can not get swine influenza from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork and pork products is safe. Cooking pork to an internal temperature of 160°F kills the swine flu virus as it does other bacteria and viruses.

How does swine flu spread?

Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and from people to pigs. Human infection with flu viruses from pigs are most likely to occur when people are in close proximity to infected pigs, such as in pig barns and livestock exhibits housing pigs at fairs. Human-to-human transmission of swine flu can also occur. This is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of people infected with the influenza virus. People may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

What do we know about human-to-human spread of swine flu?

In September 1988, a previously healthy 32-year-old pregnant woman was hospitalized for pneumonia and died 8 days later. A swine H1N1 flu virus was detected. Four days before getting sick, the patient visited a county fair swine exhibition where there was widespread influenza-like illness among the swine.

In follow-up studies, 76% of swine exhibitors tested had antibody evidence of swine flu infection but no serious illnesses were detected among this group. Additional studies suggest that one to three health care personnel who had contact with the patient developed mild influenza-like illnesses with antibody evidence of swine flu infection.

How can human infections with swine influenza be diagnosed?

What medications are available to treat swine flu infections in humans?

There are four different antiviral drugs that are licensed for use in the US for the treatment of influenza: amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir. While most swine influenza viruses have been susceptible to all four drugs, the most recent swine influenza viruses isolated from humans are resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. At this time, CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses.

What other examples of swine flu outbreaks are there?

Probably the most well known is an outbreak of swine flu among soldiers in Fort Dix, New Jersey in 1976. The virus caused disease with x-ray evidence of pneumonia in at least 4 soldiers and 1 death; all of these patients had previously been healthy. The virus was transmitted to close contacts in a basic training environment, with limited transmission outside the basic training group. The virus is thought to have circulated for a month and disappeared. The source of the virus, the exact time of its introduction into Fort Dix, and factors limiting its spread and duration are unknown. The Fort Dix outbreak may have been caused by introduction of an animal virus into a stressed human population in close contact in crowded facilities during the winter. The swine influenza A virus collected from a Fort Dix soldier was named A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1).

Is the H1N1 swine flu virus the same as human H1N1 viruses?

Swine Flu in Pigs

How does swine flu spread among pigs?

Swine flu viruses are thought to be spread mostly through close contact among pigs and possibly from contaminated objects moving between infected and uninfected pigs. Herds with continuous swine flu infections and herds that are vaccinated against swine flu may have sporadic disease, or may show only mild or no symptoms of infection.

What are signs of swine flu in pigs?
Signs of swine flu in pigs can include sudden onset of fever, depression, coughing (barking), discharge from the nose or eyes, sneezing, breathing difficulties, eye redness or inflammation, and going off feed.

How common is swine flu among pigs?
H1N1 and H3N2 swine flu viruses are endemic among pig populations in the United States and something that the industry deals with routinely. Outbreaks among pigs normally occur in colder weather months (late fall and winter) and sometimes with the introduction of new pigs into susceptible herds. Studies have shown that the swine flu H1N1 is common throughout pig populations worldwide, with 25 percent of animals showing antibody evidence of infection. In the U.S. studies have shown that 30 percent of the pig population has antibody evidence of having had H1N1 infection. More specifically, 51 percent of pigs in the north-central U.S. have been shown to have antibody evidence of infection with swine H1N1. Human infections with swine flu H1N1 viruses are rare. There is currently no way to differentiate antibody produced in response to flu vaccination in pigs from antibody made in response to pig infections with swine H1N1 influenza.

While H1N1 swine viruses have been known to circulate among pig populations since at least 1930, H3N2 influenza viruses did not begin circulating among US pigs until 1998. The H3N2 viruses initially were introduced into the pig population from humans. The current swine flu H3N2 viruses are closely related to human H3N2 viruses.

Is there a vaccine for swine flu?
Vaccines are available to be given to pigs to prevent swine influenza. There is no vaccine to protect humans from swine flu. The seasonal influenza vaccine will likely help provide partial protection against swine H3N2, but not swine H1N1 viruses.

Related Links

INFLUENZA: Pigs, People and Public Health (Fact Sheet)

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